Roman Numeral Converter

Convert Arabic numbers to Roman numerals or Roman numerals to Arabic numbers instantly.

Instant result Runs in browser
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Tip: Both fields are editable. Values from 1 to 3999 are supported.

Quick examples

Roman Numeral Table

Roman NumeralArabic Number (1–3999)
M 1000
CM 900
D 500
CD 400
C 100
XC 90
L 50
XL 40
X 10
IX 9
V 5
IV 4
I 1

Years

1 I
10 X
50 L
100 C
500 D
1000 M
1066 MLXVI
1776 MDCCLXXVI
1900 MCM
2000 MM
2020 MMXX
2024 MMXXIV
2025 MMXXV
3999 MMMCMXCIX

How to use?

  1. 1
    Enter a number Type a number from 1 to 3999 in the left field; the Roman numeral appears instantly.
  2. 2
    Or enter a Roman numeral Type a Roman numeral (e.g. MMXXIV) in the right field; it is automatically converted to an Arabic number.
  3. 3
    Copy the result Use the Copy button to copy the result to your clipboard.

FAQ

What symbols are used in Roman numerals?
There are seven basic symbols: I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000. Subtractive notation gives IV=4, IX=9, XL=40, XC=90, CD=400, CM=900.
What is the largest Roman numeral?
In standard notation, the largest value is 3999 = MMMCMXCIX. Numbers 4000 and above require vinculum (overline) notation. This converter supports 1–3999.
Where are Roman numerals used today?
Film and TV production years (© MMXXIV), clock faces, chapter numbers, Olympic Games (Paris 2024 = MMXXIV), book front-matter page numbers, and royal/papal titles (Elizabeth II, Benedict XVI).

How Do Roman Numerals Work?

Roman numerals are an additive numeral system developed in ancient Rome, using seven Latin letters to represent values: I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000.

Subtractive Notation

When a smaller value precedes a larger one, it is subtracted. Valid pairs: IV=4, IX=9, XL=40, XC=90, CD=400, CM=900. Without this rule, 4 would be written "IIII".

Modern Uses

  • Film and TV production years (© MMXXIV = 2024)
  • Olympic Games naming (Paris 2024)
  • Clock faces and monuments
  • Book front-matter page numbers (i, ii, iii…)
  • Royal, papal and dynastic titles (Elizabeth II, Louis XIV)

Limitations

Standard Roman numerals cannot represent zero or negative numbers, making arithmetic impractical. 3999 (MMMCMXCIX) is the upper limit of the standard system.

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